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Laser cutting & engraving guides

Straight answers on settings, materials, pricing and the problems that stop a job mid-cut — from the team behind the free laser cost calculator.

All the settings charts in one printable book: The Laser Settings Handbook — 18 machines, 11 material charts and the 15 fixes in 168 pages. Read the free 13-page sample.

Pricing & running a laser business

• How much does laser cutting cost?

  The real formula shops use — machine time × hourly rate + material + setup — with per-part examples.

• How to price laser engraving

  Stop guessing at quotes. A machine-time rate + setup + minimum that actually covers your costs.

• Is a laser cutting business profitable?

  What a laser really earns per hour, margins on typical products, startup cost by machine tier and break-even math.

• 50 laser engraving project ideas that sell

  Fifty ideas sorted by market — gifts, weddings, home, business, pets, seasonal — with blank cost vs sale price.

• Making money with a laser without Etsy

  Local service work for businesses — who buys it, why it repeats, and how to land the first few without a website.

Settings & materials

• Laser cutting settings for wood (plywood & MDF)

  Starting power/speed for plywood and MDF on diode and CO2 lasers — plus how to kill burnt edges.

• Laser settings for acrylic (engraving & cutting)

  CO2 settings for a glossy engrave and flame-polished cut — and why diodes can’t touch clear acrylic.

• How to run a laser material test grid

  Ten minutes to turn any settings chart into your own numbers — ranges to test per machine class, and how to read a cut vs engrave grid.

• Laser settings for leather

  Veg-tan vs chrome-tan, high-speed low-power settings for CO2 and diode, and why faux leather is toxic.

• Laser settings for slate & stone

  The most forgiving material there is — no masking, automatic contrast, and the one job a diode does as well as a CO2.

• Laser settings for glass

  Why glass looks better at low DPI, the wet-paper trick that stops chipping, and why diodes can’t do it at all.

• Laser settings for anodised aluminium

  The one metal a hobby laser marks properly — plus powder-coated tumblers and when you really need a fiber.

• Laser settings for card & paper

  Lowest power you’ll ever use, masking for clean edges, and the fire risk nobody warns beginners about.

• Laser power & speed settings chart

  A one-page starting-point cheat sheet for diode and CO2 — and the test-grid method that beats any chart.

• What can a laser cut and engrave?

  A clear yes/no list by material and laser type — including the materials that are never safe to cut.

• Settings for a material with no chart

  Dial in power and speed on anything — proxy-first testing, the corner test and the one-variable rule — without ruining expensive blanks.

• Can a diode laser engrave glass?

  A 450 nm diode passes straight through clear glass. The three coating workarounds that do work — and what the result really looks like.

• Marking bare metal with a diode laser

  What marking spray actually does, which metals respond, realistic settings, and the point where a fiber becomes the cheaper answer.

• MOPA colour marking on stainless and titanium

  How pulse width and frequency grow a coloured oxide film, why colours drift between parts, and where colour marking is not durable.

• Laser-cut joinery that actually fits

  Kerf is the whole game. Measuring yours, compensating finger joints, rastering dados, and hitting a press fit that doesn't split.

Fixing problems

• How to focus a laser (ramp test)

  Blurry engraving and tapered cuts are focus, not power — how to set it, verify it with a ramp test, and why thick cuts want focus below the surface.

• Laser suddenly lost power?

  A cut that took one pass now needs two. The order to diagnose it — optics, lens orientation, focus, cooling — before you price a new tube.

• Banding, ghosting & double lines

  Stripes across a fill and shadowed text. The two-minute test that tells a belt problem from a scanning-offset problem, and how to fix both.

• Air assist: pump vs compressor

  What air assist actually does, when more air makes things worse, and whether an aquarium pump is enough once you start cutting.

• Flashback marks on the back of parts

  Scorched grid pattern underneath your cuts. Why the bed reflects the beam back, and the standoffs that stop it in seconds.

• CO2 mirror alignment (K40 & OMTech)

  Cutting well on one side of the bed and badly on the other. Square the frame first, then align mirrors 1, 2 and 3 in order.

• Fume extraction done properly

  An open window is not extraction. Sizing a fan, the ducting mistakes that halve airflow, and when a filter beats venting outside.

• LightBurn frames in the wrong place

  Absolute coords vs current position vs user origin — why the job burns somewhere else than the preview, and how to stop guessing.

• Rotary: stretched, slipping, seams

  Squashed tumbler engraving, rollers that slip and seams that miss. Diameter, traction and steps per rotation — all free to fix.

• Photo engraving: why faces go black

  Muddy photo engraving is image prep, not hardware. Contrast, line interval, dithering and when to invert for slate and glass.

• How to stop burn marks on wood

  Air assist, masking, focus and the right settings — seven fixes for scorched edges and soot.

• Why won’t my laser cut all the way through?

  A step-by-step checklist — focus, lens, speed, material, alignment — for cuts that stop halfway.

• Laser powers on but won’t fire

  No beam at all? Interlocks, water protection, test fire, PSU and tube — a checklist ordered cheapest cause first.

Settings by machine

• Glowforge settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the Glowforge (Basic / Plus / Pro).

• xTool D1 Pro settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the xTool D1 Pro 10 W.

• xTool S1 settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the xTool S1 40 W.

• xTool P2 settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the xTool P2 / P2S 55 W CO2.

• OMTech K40 settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the OMTech K40 40 W CO2.

• Ortur Laser Master 3 settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the Ortur Laser Master 3 (10 W).

• Sculpfun S9 settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the Sculpfun S9 (5.5 W).

• Creality Falcon2 settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the Creality Falcon2 40 W.

• Atomstack A20 Pro settings

  Cut & engrave power/speed cheat sheet for the Atomstack A20 Pro (20 W).

• Creality Falcon A1 Pro settings

  Cut & engrave starting points and the real bed size of the enclosed Falcon A1 Pro (20 W).

• xTool F1 settings

  Diode and infrared settings for the xTool F1 galvo, in mm/s and lines per cm.

• Longer Ray5 settings

  Cut & engrave starting points for the Longer Ray5 10 W and 20 W, plus the LightBurn S-value fix.

• Sculpfun S30 Pro Max settings

  Cut & engrave starting points for the 20 W open-frame diode, and what one pass really cuts.

• OMTech Polar 50W settings

  CO2 settings for the enclosed Polar 50 W: wood, acrylic and leather, with the bed and height limits.

• xTool M1 Ultra settings

  Laser and blade settings for the 4-in-1 M1 Ultra, for owners since xTool discontinued it.

• xTool F1 Ultra settings

  Fiber and diode settings from xTool’s own material library: tumblers, stainless, leather and black acrylic.

• Glowforge Aura settings

  Power and speed on the Aura’s own 1–10 dials, with the bed, passthrough and diode limits.

• ComMarker B4 settings

  Fiber power, speed and frequency by wattage, including ComMarker’s stainless colour-shade table.

Which laser should you buy?

• Best laser engraver for beginners

  The four lasers we’d hand a complete beginner — safe, well-supported, forgiving — plus what to budget for extras.

• Best budget laser engraver under €500

  Five cheap laser engravers actually worth buying — Sculpfun, Ortur, Atomstack, xTool, OMTech K40 — and two to skip.

• Best laser cutter for a small business

  Which laser pays for itself: diode vs CO2, what each class earns per hour, and picks from €500 to €8,000.

• Best laser for cutting wood

  Which lasers cut wood well, how thick each class gets, and real plywood speeds per machine.

• Best laser cutter for acrylic

  Why only CO2 cuts clear acrylic, what power you need per thickness, and picks from the K40 to 80 W machines.

• Diode vs CO2: which do you actually need?

  The honest differences — what each cuts, real speeds side by side, safety, running cost and price.

• xTool vs Glowforge

  Compared on cutting speed, power per euro, software lock-in, running cost and resale.

• OMTech vs xTool

  Raw power and low price vs software, safety and support — with picks for each budget.

• xTool S1 vs xTool P2S

  40 W enclosed diode vs 55 W CO2: what each cuts, speeds, acrylic, size, price and who each is for.

• Fiber, MOPA, galvo and UV lasers explained

  What each one marks and cuts, why MOPA gets colour on stainless, what a galvo really is, and roughly what each costs.

What to buy & what to make

• Where to buy laser cutting materials

  Laser-grade vs hardware-store ply, cast vs extruded acrylic, sheet sizes that fit your bed, and the mislabelled materials that damage machines.

• Best materials to laser engrave

  12 materials ranked by result, ease and profit — with project ideas and which laser each needs.

• Best wood for laser engraving

  Which woods engrave darkest and cut cleanest — basswood, birch ply, maple, cherry, walnut, bamboo, MDF.

• Best acrylic for laser engraving

  Cast vs extruded explained, which colours and thicknesses to buy, and the products that sell.

• Best keychain blanks for engraving

  Wood, acrylic, leather and anodised aluminium blanks — blank cost vs sale price, and where to buy in bulk.

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